Biography of Lewis Latimer, Noted Black Inventor

Lewis Latimer (September 4, 1848–December 11, 1928) is considered one of the most important African-American inventors, for the number of inventions he produced and patents he secured, but also for the importance of his best-known discovery: a longer-lasting filament for the electric light. He also helped Alexander Graham Bell obtain the patent for the first telephone. Latimer was in great demand for his expertise later in his career as electric light spread across the country. Fast Facts: Lewis Latimer Known For: Improved the electric lightAlso Known As: Louis LatimerBorn: September 4, 1848 in Chelsea, MassachusettsParents: Rebecca and George LatimerDied: December 11, 1928 in Flushing, Queens, New YorkPublished Works: Incandescent Electric Lighting: A Practical Description of the Edison SystemSpouse: Mary WilsonChildren: Emma Jeanette, Louise RebeccaNotable Quote: We create our future, by well improving present opportunities: however few and small they are. Early Life Lewis Latimer was born on September 4, 1848, in Chelsea, Massachusetts. He was the youngest of four children born to George Latimer, a paperhanger, and Rebecca Smith Latimer, both escaped slaves. His parents had fled from Virginia in 1842, hiding beneath the deck of a northbound ship, but his father was recognized in Boston, Massachusetts by a former employee of their owner. George Latimer was arrested as a fugitive and brought to trial, where he was defended by noted abolitionists Frederick Douglass and William Lloyd Garrison. Eventually, a group of abolitionists paid $400 for his freedom. George Latimer disappeared shortly after the Dred Scott decision of 1857, in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Scott, a slave, couldnt sue for his freedom. Possibly fearing a return to slavery, Latimer went underground. It was a great hardship for the rest of the Latimer family. Early Career Lewis Latimer worked to help support his mother and siblings. Then, In 1864, at age 15, Latimer lied about his age in order to enlist in the U.S. Navy during the Civil War. Latimer was assigned to the gunboat USS Massasoit and received an honorable discharge on July 3, 1865. He returned to Boston, Massachusetts and took a position as an office boy with the patent law firm Crosby Gould. He taught himself mechanical drawing and drafting by observing draftsmen at the firm. Recognizing Latimers talent and promise, the partners promoted him to draftsman and, eventually, head draftsmen. During this time he married  Mary Wilson in November 1873. The couple had two daughters, Emma Jeanette and Louise Rebecca. The Telephone In 1874 while at the firm, Latimer co-invented an improvement to the bathroom compartment of trains. Two years later, he was sought out as a draftsman by an instructor of children who were hard of hearing; the man wanted drawings for a patent application on a device he had created. The instructor was Alexander Graham Bell, and the device was the telephone. Working late into the evenings, Latimer labored to complete the patent application. It was submitted on Feb. 14, 1876, just hours before another application was made for a similar device. With Latimers help, Bell won the patent rights to the telephone. Edisons Competitor In 1880, after relocating to Bridgeport, Connecticut, Latimer was hired as assistant manager and draftsman for the U.S. Electric Lighting Co., which was owned by Hiram Maxim. Maxim was the chief competitor of Thomas Edison, who had invented the electric light. Edison’s light consisted of a nearly airless glass bulb surrounding a carbon wire filament, typically made from bamboo, paper, or thread. When electricity ran through the filament, it became so hot that it literally glowed. Maxim hoped to improve on Edison’s light bulb by focusing on its main weakness: its brief life span, typically only a few days. Latimer set out to make a longer-lasting light bulb. He developed a way to encase the filament in a cardboard envelope that prevented the carbon from breaking up, giving the bulbs a much longer life while making them less expensive and more efficient. Latimer’s expertise had become well known, and he was sought after to continue to improve on incandescent lighting as well as arc lighting. As more major cities began wiring their roadways for electric lighting, Latimer was selected to lead several planning teams. He helped install the first electric plants in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; New York, New York; and Montreal, Quebec. He also oversaw the installation of lighting in railroad stations, government buildings, and major thoroughfares in Canada, New England, and London. Edison Latimer started working for Edison in 1884 and became involved in Edisons infringement lawsuits. He worked in the legal department of the Edison Electric Light Co. as the chief draftsman and patent specialist. He drafted sketches and documents related to Edison patents, looked over plants in search of patent infringements, carried out patent searches, and testified in court on Edison’s behalf. He never worked in any of Edisons labs, but he was the only black member of a group known as the Edison Pioneers, men who had worked closely with the inventor in his early years. Latimer also co-authored a book on electricity published in 1890 called Incandescent Electric Lighting: A Practical Description of the Edison System. Later Innovations In subsequent years, Latimer continued to display his innovative abilities. In 1894 he created a safety elevator, a vast improvement on existing elevators. Then he obtained a patent for â€Å"Locking Racks for Hats, Coats, and Umbrellas† that was used in restaurants, resorts, and office buildings. He also developed a method for making rooms more hygienic and climate-controlled, named an â€Å"Apparatus for Cooling and Disinfecting.† Latimer died on December 11, 1928, in the Flushing neighborhood of Queens, New York. His wife Mary had died four years earlier. Legacy Lewis Latimer rose from humble beginnings with little education to play a major role in the development of two products that had massive impacts on the lives of Americans: the light bulb and the telephone. The fact that he was a black American born in the 19th century made his many successes even more impressive. Sources Lewis Latimer. Greatblackheroes.com.Lewis Howard Latimer Biography. Biography.com.Lewis Latimer. Famousinventors.org.

Child Abuse and Violence Against Families - 1204 Words

Child Abuse and Violence Against Females Domestic violence in the United States has become a major problem that affects nearly 2/3 s of all people. It can affect wives, the elderly, and even men, but in this paper we will discuss the abuse that occurs to children and also violence toward women. It is widely assumed that most estimates of the incidence of domestic violence are underestimates. Even large population surveys cannot provide accurate estimates of the extent of domestic violence. This is partly because many victims feel unable to speak out about domestic violence. The pressures of negative community attitudes toward victims, feelings of shame, and fear of retribution from the perpetrator contribute to low levels of†¦show more content†¦In an abusive environment, children are often expected to behave as if they are much older than they are. Children are often punished for behavior they are too young to control. Abusive parents often do not know they have to teach the behavior they want the child to have. Sometimes punishing unwanted behavior is not enough, parents and caretakers often abuse children in response to their own anger and unhappiness and it may have no relationship to what the child is doing at the time. Some common traits of abused children include: believing that they have no value, believing that they cannot affect the world around them with good behavior, and feelings angry and/or depression. In homes where violence occurs, children are at high risk of suffering psychological and emotional abuse, whether or not they are physically abused themselves. Recent evidence clearly shows that living in a family where a parent is being abused has a significant traumatic effect on children. Even when they do not observe the violence, children are usually aware that it is occurring. They are alert to the obvious tension, fear and distress in their parents. Their home, instead of being a place of security, is characterized by cruelty and fear. The longer the situation goes on the harder it is to undo its damaging effects on children s development. Witnessing familyShow MoreRelatedAll around the world domestic violence is a threat to all different types of families, including1000 Words   |  4 Pagesdomestic violence is a threat to all different types of families, including children and adults. â€Å"It is estimated that approximately 3 million incidents of domestic violence are reported each year in the United States† (Feinstein). The most common victims of domestic violence are women, and children. Organizations that offers protection for victims includes: National Network to End Domestic Violence, Survivor Network, and National Council on Child Abuse and Family Violence. Domestic violence can haveRead MoreDomestic Violence Essay1149 Words   |  5 PagesDomestic violence is a domestic abuse, it’s a curse to our society. 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As a young woman and hopefully a future mother, I wanted to be well educated on domestic violence and child abuse so that I can hopefully prevent these from happening to me of my future children. By researching domestic violence and child abuse I was able to learn about warning signs, as well as other useful information regarding these topics, such as wh ere to seek help. Also, as someone who wants to be a teacherRead MoreEffects of Domestic Violence on Children1124 Words   |  5 PagesThe biggest victims of domestic violence are the littlest. The home is a suppose to be a safe and secure environment for children with loving parents and free from violence. Children need a secure environment where they can come home to when the outside world is unsafe. However, every year there are millions of children who’s homes are not a safe haven. Millions of children are exposed to a parent being violently assaulted. Domestic violence is a prevalent social issue in America today. First, whoRead MoreThe Effects Of Sexual Abuse On Children1441 Words   |  6 Pagesobject, the father leaves the child laying helplessly on the floor. The child wailing out for help from a â€Å"parent†, but no parent comes, so there the child lay balling. How could a parent abuse something they created? A person that is abused feels alone because the y do not have a real parent figure, nor a family member to talk to. Some parents claim they spank the child; however, hit the child more than once. Abused children not only experience the effects of the abuse in childhood, but it also becomesRead MoreAnimal Cruelty Is A Crime Against Humanity1246 Words   |  5 PagesIn order to constitute animal cruelty as a Crime Against Humanity we must prove that society is ignoring the violence towards them despite the research evidence, the government sanctions mass killings of them, and that this type of violence affects humans on a large scale (Plant, Schaik, Gullone, Flynn 2016). Although dispositional factors such as empathy and aggression may influence animal cruelty, we must look at the environmental factors that lead to the negative effects from a macro-level perspectiveRead MoreDomestic Marital Abuse Against Women1697 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic Marital Abuse against Women In the United States, there are about ten people who die from domestic violence every single day. The U.N identifies October as National Domestic Violence Awareness Month. What happens when ‘Home’ is not the safest place to be? Domestic abuse occurs across the world, in various cultures and affects society, irrespective of their economic status. Behaviors that are adopted by a person to control their partner in a relationship refers to domestic violence. Domestic violenceRead MoreFamily Violence Is Systems Theory1181 Words   |  5 Pagesissue of family violence is systems theory. 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Security Design of Logistics Service †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Security Design of Logistics Service. Answer: Introduction The report is prepared for the Acme for converting the IPv4 environment of the organization into IPv6. The current network of the organization is required to be upgraded with the implementation of the IPv6 addressing schemes for connecting with the network configured with IPv4 address. The IPv4 protocols are compared for the development of the network and the advantage that the organization can gain with the implementation of the IPv6 address in the network is also discussed in the report. The network design is created and configured in packet tracer for building a prototype of the network and testing the functionality. The VTPv3 protocol is used for the accommodation of the changes in the current network and initializing the initial function and it allows the routers to update the other device connected in the network. With the implementation of the protocol the risk of changes in the network can be eliminated and the performance of the network can be improved. Different VLANs are created for the different departments for the segmentation of the LAN (Genge, Haller Kiss, 2017). The VLAN secure the transmission of the data packets in the network and increasing the flexibility of the network. The spanning tree protocol is used for deployment of a logical loop in the network and provide backup links for enabling fault tolerance in the network. The Ethernet channels are configured with trunk protocol for enabling the VTP domain and enabling the other domain to communicate using the secure channel (Tree, 2014). The routers are configured using dual stacking i.e. with IPv4 and IPv6 addressing such that i t can communicate with the IPv4 and the IPv6 network efficiently. DHCP configuration is done on the router for automatically allocating the IP address to the device connected in the network. Intervaln routing is configured in the network using the ip routing command and enabling the created VLAN to communicate with each other (Loo, Mauri Ortiz, 2016). HSRP is used for the configuration of the network and increase the availability by enabling the routers to appear as a single interface. System testing and verification Strategy A prototype of the network is created and is tested before implementation in the real life. For the deployment of the network solution for Acme the similar network is configured in cisco packet tracer and the switch is configured with spanning tree and the network is monitored for checking the availability of the network devices. A machine is used for generating request and create traffic in the network. The devices used for the network connection are pinged with each other for testing the connection between the devices. The VLANs created are also pinged for testing the connectivity of the VLAN and the configuration of the intervlan routing in the network. The router is also configured with IP helper for allowing the central router configured with DHCP to provide IP address to the devices connected in the network. The topology of the IPv6 network is created and feasibility of the solution is analyzed for the development of the network. The testing is performed and simulation is done on packet tracer for testing the network of the organization. The main issues identified in the network is the management of the devices and configuring the devices with the IPv4 and IPv6 addressing schemes. For troubleshooting the network the devices are pinged and the connectivity between the devices are verified. The interface of the created VLANS are also pinged for checking the connection of the VLANs and if there is a failure in the ping the host device is checked for identification of the problem in the network solution. The device connected in the VLAN 99 is required to be able to ping with the device connected in the VLAN 120. Configuration the network with HSRP was also an issue because a virtual MAC Address is required to be created for enabling the devices connected in the network to connect with the interface of the router. The load of the network is shared using multiple HSRP and an active route is created for the router and assigned priority for improvement of the normal operation of the network. Implementation and functionality For the implementation of the network solution the current network infrastructure and the requirement of the company is analyzed. The proposed network is configured with IPv6 address and the protocols used for configuring the network are analyzed for the configuration of the routers. The current network of the organization is developed in IPv4 and it is required to be converted using the IPv6 protocol for increasing the efficiency of the network (Eskandarpour et al., 2015). The version of the OS of the routers and the switch are required to be upgraded for allowing the configuration of the IPv6 address in the devices. For the creating of an effective network solution the location for the installation of the devices in the network is required to be analyzed and the scope of growth of the network and the number of branches required to be covered is also required to be listed. Remote access of the network can be enabled for increasing the functionality of the network and allowing the re mote users to connect with the core components of the network (Khan, Pathan Alrajeh, 2016). The router can be configured with VPP and the servers are required to be configured for increasing the security of the network. Forwarding Logical Addressing Routing and Positioning of the network layer Forwarding- the switch and the router is configured with forwarding and the packets received by the device is required to be forwarded to the destination address for increasing the efficiency of the network. Logical Addressing- It is used for definition of the network rules and relate the structure with the IP address. The nodes in the network should have an IP address and rules is created for partitioning the network. Routing- the routers are configured with routing protocol for the calculation of the next hop address of the router and establish the connection between the sender and the receiver in the network. IP route is used for establishment of the data connection between the different devices connected in the network. Positioning of the network layer- The data link and the transport layer of the network is positioned for communicating in the network. The network layer cooperates with the data link layer for sending and receiving the data packets in the network. Conclusions From the above report it can be concluded that for changing the current network framework of Acme and deployment of the IPv6 addressing different routing protocols are used. An addressing plan is required to be created for assigning IPv6 address to the network devices. The devices are also upgraded with the latest software version for allowing the reconfiguration with the new technology and reducing the cost of the network up gradation. The network is required to be configured with dual stack for communicating with the old device configured with IPv4 address. Different VLANs are created for different branches and intervlan routing is used for connecting with the vlans and increase the efficiency and security of the network. The three routers connected in the network are configured with HSRP such a virtual router is created and availability of the network is increased. Bibliography Dart, E., Rotman, L., Tierney, B., Hester, M., Zurawski, J. (2014). The science dmz: A network design pattern for data-intensive science. Scientific Programming, 22(2), 173-185. Eskandarpour, M., Dejax, P., Miemczyk, J., Pton, O. (2015). Sustainable supply chain network design: an optimization-oriented review. Omega, 54, 11-32. Genge, B., Haller, P., Kiss, I. (2017). Cyber-security-aware network design of industrial control systems. IEEE Systems Journal, 11(3), 1373-1384. Khan, S., Pathan, A. S. K., Alrajeh, N. A. (Eds.). (2016). Wireless sensor networks: Current status and future trends. CRC Press. Lam, J. S. L., Dai, J. (2015). Developing supply chain security design of logistics service providers: An analytical network process-quality function deployment approach. International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, 45(7), 674-690. Loo, J., Mauri, J. L., Ortiz, J. H. (Eds.). (2016). Mobile ad hoc networks: current status and future trends. CRC Press. McNiff, J. (2013). Action research: Principles and practice. Routledge. Simmons, J. M. (2014). Optical network design and planning. Springer. Stallings, W., Tahiliani, M. P. (2014). Cryptography and network security: principles and practice (Vol. 6). London: Pearson. Tree, S. (2014). Wireless sensor networks. Self, 1(R2), C0.

Roman Empire Essays - Geography Of Greece, Divided Regions

Roman Empire The Roman Empire was a strong hold over the Mediterranean for many years. Being the goal of most all world leaders, the Romans wanted land along with their power. They set their eyes on the valuable lands around them and the Mediterranean world as well as parts of Northern Europe and Asia. The Roman civilization and culture was much influenced by the Phonetians and Greeks. Later, the Romans were in control of these lands and their people. Three of their prize provinces held at much value to them were Thrace, Macedonia, Greece. These three lands were all located in the same area, providing a throughway to Rome for trade routes from China and the Middle east. Thrace, being on the south western coast of the Black Sea made it easy for the Romans to sail farther inland to what is today Russia. Greece was located on the Agean Sea and Macedonia was to the north of it tieing all three provinces together. Before Romans conquered Greece, there was a great civilization in itself that has influenced much of the Western culture of today. The Greeks were people that believe in beauty and the good of life. They people had a well developed government system, religion, architechural advances, literature, and beautiful art. Many scholars and philosophers had began to discover the longtime mysteries of the world. The Greeks had a system of writing and were very well educated. They were eventually taken over by King Philip V of Macedonia. He made and alliance with Greece and gave them military aid in order for control of their government and people. King Philip dreamed to make Macedonia a world power and intended on starting in the Mediterranean. Rome had also set these same goals for their future and there was nothing stopping them. One of Philips allies, Hanibel, went against him and fought him for Macedonia. The Macedonians allied with the Carthagenians and the Romans with the Aetolian League. By 168 B.C. Rome had Macedonia in their command. After this, the Archaen League in Greece sought freedom after the long rule of Macedonia. They tried to fight against the mighty army of the Romans, but this only resulted int he destruction of the city, Corinth. In 146 B.C. the Romans had abolished all leagues in Greece, and most trade was stopped in the big port cities. Rome would be over this land for sixty years to come. Meanwhile, the Romans realized the value of such things like gold. They soon found out that deposits of gold and other minerals were in the uncultivated land of Thrace. The people of Thrace were for the most part, barbaric, warlike, and unorganized. The Romans did not have as many troubles obtaining this land, considering the people werent as advanced as the Greeks. Thrace would link Rome closer to Asia through the port city of Byzantium. This city was along the major routes coming out of the middle east and China. The Romans left their mark on all of these areas from architecture to names. Byzantium was soon named Constantinople after the emperor, Constantine, moved the new capitol of Rome there. He was the first Christian empire of Rome. Today the church based in Constantinople (now known as Istanbul) is the Eastern Orthodox Church. Ninty-eight percent of Greeks are of this donomination. After the Romans realized they had destroyed the beautiful cities of Greece they rebuilt and restored many of the buildings, but they added their own culture to them in the same movement. Hadrian, a good emperor, beautified Athens and restored many other ruins. Constantine also restored much of Byzantium while he was there in his reign. Eventually, the Romans grew weak and the western portion of their empire fell to the invaders that would soon make their demise. After Constatine had moved to the east and he left, the empire kept dividing into east and west. While the west was on raided regularly the Germanic visgoths crossed the Danube to settle in Roman territory. This tribe became allies with the Romans but soon revolted to crush and defeat the Romans. This defeat made a domino affect that the Romans could not control leading to their fall. History Essays

Culture Clashes in Early America essays

Culture Clashes in Early America essays Diversity is a subject that has brought much education to America and is accepted nearly everywhere today. In early colonization, however, diversity was something to be purged. Many prejudiced beliefs separated the colonists and their colonies by race, religion, and even sexes. Political power was singled out to those who had the correct genes, but not necessarily the right mind. Many avoidable, but devastating mistakes were made. Although some people still believe that the culture clashes were the Indians or the Europeans fault, the fault belonged to all involved. These cultural clashes were the result of several centuries of prejudiced criticism due to self-image, religious beliefs and views about land ownership. Self-image was an important factor in the culture clashes of early America. The Native Americans, for the most part, saw themselves as innocent victims. According to Wahunsonacock, Powhatan Confederacy, the Indians were unarmed and harmless, and freely willing to give whatever the Europeans wanted. The Europeans took advantage of this submission and overpowered the Indians as much as they possibly could. The Spaniards believed in their superiority over other cultures, considering theirs a civilized society. Almost all the Europeans tried to suppress those who were willing, thinking that the Indians were the inferior race. Spanish missions were placed in Florida, the Southwest, and California to convert and work the Indians. Religion also played a major impact on the self-image of the early colonists. The Europeans religions were similar and yet they were ready to fight to the death about minor details. They couldnt look past the differences to see that everyone is human, no matter how different they look or act. Difference in religion is one of the broadest categories responsible for the culture clashes. The main reason is that most Europeans were unable to even consider th ...

Computed Tomography Dosimetry and Dose Risks Research Paper

Computed Tomography Dosimetry and Dose Risks - Research Paper Example Cardiac DECT scan was performed by using potential clinical protocol (GSI 15 imaging protocol, 64 sections at 0.625-mm collimation, alternating energy between 80 kVp and 140 kVp, 640 mA, 0.6-second tube rotation). Absorbed organ doses were measured by using an adult male breast (female breast attached) anthropomorphic phantom and metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor detectors (MOSFET), and were obtained also by the computational method based on the Monte Carlo simulation (Im-PACT calculator). The MOSFET dosimeters were evaluated for reproducibility, linearity, energy, and angular dependence. Our results indicated that the MOSFET dosimeter has excellent linearity within diagnostic dose ranges, but in low dose regions, the values are less reliable. The energy dependence was about 7% at tube potentials from 80 kV to 140 kV. The results from performing GSI 15 protocol Im-PACT calculator showed that the breast, lung, stomach, and esophagus had the highest recorded absorbed or gan doses. For the same organs, the MOSFET does measurements were consistently lower than the calculated doses by Im-PACT. The estimates of radiation risk in this study are relatively small for any individual patient. The X-ray Computed Tomography technology has become the method of choice for most diagnostic imaging procedures due to the remarkable advances over the past few decades, contributing to the improvement of diagnostic image quality and the reduction of examination time and cost (AAPM 23, 2008, the International Commission on Radiological Protection Publication (ICRP) 103, 2007, Huda et al, 2008). This has led to a rapid increase in using the CT scanners around the world. In the United States alone, 62 million CT scans were performed in 2006, of which 4 million were for children (Brenner & Hall, 2007). In Japan, there are 91 scanners per million people (Coach, 2008).  

School-Appropriate Social Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

School-Appropriate Social Skills - Essay Example These skills include feeling confident and being approachable, being interested in others, and the degree of feeling alone. Feeling acutely lonely and being extremely shy can cause the child to be "pushed" into a situation or into participating and this is counterproductive. Activities such as "Show and Tell" will help a child in building confidence, being approachable, developing an interest in others, and to thwart the feelings of loneliness. as they learn all the other social skills that come with participating in group activities. Changing the seating arrangement occasionally and playing games such as "Star of the Week" where a child brings in his/her favorite photos and/or snack, etc. and are asked questions by other students. This promotes group time and social interaction. Alone time, quiet time, and individual activities will help children have the appreciation of self, the desire to be alone, and to build self esteem. Quiet time such as reading, doing a puzzle, and drawing are examples of individual things that students can do. These activities led by the teacher will help give children the balance that they need as they are encouraged to develop the skills that kindergarteners should acquire.